Daphne Caruana Galizia. How the journalist known as "The Witch" died

photo by Małgorzata Dwornik
[UPDATE: June 12, 2025]

Daphne Anne Vella was born on August 26, 1964, in Sliema, to a family of a Maltese businessman. After completing primary school, she continued her education at the school of the monastery of Saint Dorothy in Mdina, and later at Saint Aloysius College in Birkirkara. In the 1990s, she studied archaeology at the University of Malta. She graduated in 1996 with a bachelor`s degree in anthropology.

Daphne was not one of the "quiet and calm" ones. Social issues or injustice were her sensitive points. At eighteen, she was arrested and held for 48 hours for protesting outside the Maltese Parliament. Police officer Angelo Farrugia, who arrested her, did not expect that years later their paths would cross often. When he became a politician and member of parliament, he frequently had to fend off attacks from the active journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia.

Rebel reporter

The "young rebel" calmed her emotions for a few years after that incident. In 1985, she married lawyer Peter Caruana Galizia. She gave birth to two sons, but since she couldn`t sit still for long, she decided to start working. She chose to try her hand at journalism. In 1987, she became a reporter for the Maltese daily "The Sunday Times of Malta". Reporting news and daily events quickly proved unsatisfying for the ambitious young woman.


When her third son was born, she decided to change direction. She began writing, first columns, then articles, focusing on economic and social issues across various sectors of life in Malta. At 25, she became popular and recognized, though early on many questioned whether she was truly the author of the printed texts.

She had a clear, sharp, and direct style. She wrote openly without sugarcoating. She said she didn`t take prisoners and fired to kill. During her first two years as a columnist (1990-1992), her main target was the Labour Party and its internal abuses. Corrupt ministers like Lorry Sant became her focus. Her meticulousness earned her the title of investigative journalist. Her name appeared more and more often on the front page.

Praise and hatred

From 1992, she began working with Malta`s second major daily, "The Malta Independent". During this time, she supported the Greens (Alternativa Demokratika), dedicating much space in both newspapers to Prime Minister Fenech Adami, his views, and his actions on environmental protection.

She focused on the behavior of high-ranking individuals. Her articles led to direct media confrontations with Malta`s elites, from Labour Party leader Alfred Sant and his marital separation to drug trafficking allegations against the army commander’s son.

Some praised her for courage and content. Others hated and discriminated against her. They tried to scare her. In 1996, for the first time, her enemies took drastic measures. Her dog was killed and placed on her doorstep. When Daphne didn`t give in, her home`s front door in Bidnija was set on fire. Then came anonymous letters and threatening phone calls. This only reinforced her determination. She kept going, always watching over her family, as their safety was her biggest concern. Her lawyer husband supported her efforts.

She searched old documents for unsolved and covered-up cases, where politicians had swept problems under the rug. In 1996, when the editor-in-chief of "Times of Malta" refused to publish her article about Guido de Marco (future President of the Republic), she resigned and moved permanently to the Independent. She worked there until her last day. It was there her article on a sensitive topic was published.

The witch and her Taste. About Malta with feeling

Running her column, continuing investigations, and finishing her studies, Galizia began preparing a new press venture in Malta. This time it was a weekly about the country’s beauty, cuisine, culture, fashion, and lifestyle. Daphne loved her country and devoted "Taste" to it starting in 2004.


The weekly became her escape from politics and Malta’s many problems. Friends admired that she still found time to cook and decorate. She had time and loved it. As editor-in-chief, she created a high-end publication, appreciated not only in Malta.

"The Witch", as she was called, wrote about flowers, paintings, and recipes, marveling at the country’s corners. In 2014, "Taste" merged with "Flair" and became a weekend supplement to "The Malta Independent". Under Daphne Caruana Galizia’s direction, the monthly "Taste & Flair" was born, which she ran until her death. The publication, maintaining its professional quality, is still in print. The Daphne Caruana Galizia Foundation now handles its release.

The first attacks

Daphne Caruana Galizia didn’t rest on her laurels. Her journalism continued to focus on government corruption, organized crime, and evidence of money laundering. Her investigations created new enemies, and the tension around her grew.

In 2006, the first assassination attempt occurred. Unknown individuals set fire to two piles of gasoline-soaked tires behind her house. It was 2 a.m. when the blaze reached the house and exploded. If not for the late return of her youngest son, she and her husband would have died in the flames.

The attack failed, but others followed. Soon after, a bomb was mistakenly placed under her neighbor’s car. He owned the same brand of vehicle as the journalist. Luckily, no one was hurt. Sadly, two of the Galizia family’s dogs died for their loyalty to their owner.

Running Commentary. The most popular website in Malta

In March 2008, defying everything and everyone, Daphne launched the blog "Running Commentary", knowing the power of the internet. She could now reach not only Maltese readers but anyone who spoke English, which she mastered. She was praised for her command of the language and her skillful use of it. Her blog quickly became one of Malta’s most visited websites, reaching nearly 400,000 views.

The blog launched on March 2, 2008, at 2:02 a.m. The first post was titled "Zero tolerance for corruption" and targeted Alfred Sant, then Labour Party leader. Comments supported the author and praised her courage.

A few days later, she went after former police commissioner Anglu Farrugia (the same man who arrested eighteen-year-old Daphne) for corruption. She called him "the dimmest bulb in the chandelier" and returned to him often in her posts. For the article titled "The anything goes party" from May 15, 2003, she faced court, accused of defamation by Farrugia.

The article appeared just before Labour Party leadership elections. The journalist described her past arrest, claiming she had been mistreated by then-inspector Farrugia. The verdict came seven years later. Daphne was found guilty and fined 1165 euros. She saw it as a personal vendetta and scrutinized Farrugia even more closely.

She didn’t hold back, even after the death of Dom Mintoff, Prime Minister during British rule (1955-1958) and after independence (1971-1984). A controversial figure, Mintoff was not among the journalist`s favorites. Though seen as the architect of the welfare state, many criticized him for accepting aid from Libya’s dictator Muammar Gaddafi in 1971 and for nationalizing banks, telecoms, and transport.

On her blog, in the article "Glory, glory allelluiah..." from August 20, 2012, Galizia wrote:
A bad man has died. There is nothing good to be said (...) Leave it at that, and cut the cant.

The article sparked a wave of criticism, shocking even some of her supporters. But as she often said, she didn’t take prisoners and spoke her mind:
"This is a man without whom my life and the lives of those around me would be completely different. Malta would be completely different. It would be much better. Dom Mintoff was terrifying and hateful, an absolute sociopath, Malta’s Muammar Gaddafi, and let’s not be hypocrites and pretend otherwise."


The post received 1,860 comments, ranging from support to threats like: "I hope you die too", "may you rot in hell, as all witches deserve", and worse. The comment section was closed in February 2013.

Nearly every post on her blog sparked nationwide debate. Politicians she attacked accused her of defamation and took her to court. She received more and more threats, most of them anonymous.

Silenced by arrest

Daphne Caruana Galizia was a staunch opponent of totalitarian regimes in the Arab world. When unrest broke out in Libya in February 2011, she organized a protest in front of the Libyan embassy in Attard. On her blog on February 21, she wrote:

Libyan friends asked me to publish this notice. A protest in front of the Libyan embassy in Attard will be held today from 11:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. to condemn the massacre of innocent civilians by Gaddafi`s regime. This is a call to all who value human life and the protection of human rights and dignity. You don`t have to be Libyan to go there.

On March 8, 2013, at 9:30 p.m., the police knocked on the Galizia family’s door. Alongside two inspectors from the Homicide and Investigations Department was a female officer. They had come to arrest Daphne. They carried a warrant signed by a judge at the request of the police commissioner. The reason was a violation of the pre-election silence, the so-called Day of Reflection. The order was to deliver her to CID in Floriana.

When she refused, negotiations began. There were verbal exchanges with her family (her husband was a lawyer) and phone calls with superiors. Meanwhile, the family notified reporter Lou Bondi and Malta Television, who arrived quickly in Bidnija. Under the media spotlight, a compromise was reached. Daphne would go to the police station in Mosta for questioning. Her husband drove her, and the interrogation lasted two hours. It turned out to concern a 7:00 p.m. blog post featuring three videos of prime ministerial candidate Joseph Muscat. The clips were far from flattering. The whole event was simply about cutting the journalist off from media and commentary.

By 6 a.m., a full account of the incident was on the "Running Commentary" blog, supported by footage from Malta Television`s "Where’s Everybody" and photos by Bondi. The first comment appeared at 7:00 a.m., and 393 people commented overall. This time, support for the journalist was unanimous.

Politics is not everything

Despite threats, arrests, and frozen accounts, Daphne Caruana Galizia never asked for protection. She believed the police served corrupt politicians and would not help her. Though the danger was real, she tried to live normally, run her household, and meet with friends.

In "Taste & Flair", she promoted watermelon dishes and drinks, featured the fish market in Bari with her own photos, and described shopping at Helsinki’s market ("T&F", August 2015). She said winter need not be gloomy. All you need is tea in a unique teapot, and water gardens are a beautiful landscape feature ("T&F", February 2016).

In "The Malta Independent", Galizia covered a tragedy at Dingli Cliffs on March 19, 2014. A teacher-student relationship ended in the 15-year-old girl’s suicide, sparking strong emotions (article from March 27, 2014). In January 2015, in "The salutary lesson of the passenger pigeon", she defended carrier pigeons, and in the May 15, 2015 edition, for Mother’s Day, she wrote about nuns at Angela House caring for 32 orphans.

Non-political topics were a form of escape and relaxation for Daphne. When her friend Simone Camilleri asked why she still wrote about corruption and endured insults and lawsuits, Daphne shrugged and smiled, saying she felt compelled to write because she believed Malta deserved better ("Times of Malta", October 16, 2018).

She also said, "Someone will have to take out a life insurance policy on me before I go silent". "She subconsciously knew it was the only way she`d be silenced", her husband told "The Guardian", April 17, 2018.

Information source for Europe

In the years after the 2013 elections, when Joseph Muscat became prime minister, the inquisitive journalist increased her scrutiny of the new government and its ministers. She never hid her support for the Nationalist Party. But when she found faults there, she was just as ruthless. Adrian Delia, PN leader from 2017, found this out when she accused him of money laundering.

Daphne consistently defended women`s rights. She was pained by the problem of women killed by domestic violence, which made up 25% of tragic deaths in Malta (blog from November 27, 2015). With humor and sarcasm, she reported that in 2015, the first Maltese woman finally became an engineer. But her real challenges were just beginning, as she would face discrimination and prejudice at work (blog from December 4, 2015).


She couldn’t understand how Maltese citizenship could be sold. Anyone able to pay 650,000 euros or donate to "Identity Malta" (like the Chinese, who aren’t EU members) could gain a passport and citizenship. Migrants from Mali, who couldn’t afford it, were deported (blog from March 22 and November 16, 2016). She loudly declared Malta a "pirate base for tax evasion", helping multinational companies dodge nearly 15 billion euros in taxes.

Every day, her blog published several pieces on politics, economics, or social issues. Daphne became a source of information for many newspapers in Europe. "The Guardian" and "The Times" often printed her commentary, and she personally wrote articles on Malta’s major events for them.

On February 22, 2016, she covertly revealed the first link between Maltese politicians and firms in Panama and New Zealand. The hint specifically involved Konrad Mizzi, a minister in Muscat’s cabinet. It turned out Mizzi owned the Panamanian firm Hearnville Incorporated, and his financial statements were false.

A few days later, Daphne published more names tied to offshore companies and money laundering. On February 26, she wrote, "The prime minister refuses to answer questions about Konrad Mizzi’s suspicious transactions", and the next day, "The prime minister admits today that he and Konrad Mizzi lied yesterday".

Daphne Caruana Galizia had no idea she had started an avalanche that would lead to a national scandal and her personal tragedy.

Panama Papers avalanche and a Pulitzer for her son

In April 2016, confidential documents from tax havens were leaked by the Panama-based law firm Mossack Fonseca. The 11.5 million documents from 1970-2016 were received by the German newspaper "Süddeutsche Zeitung". Under the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, German editors and global investigative reporters conducted yearlong research.

The first Panama Papers report was published on April 3, 2016. The flood of information, company names, and people couldn’t be stopped. Many names had a Maltese ring. Daphne Caruana Galizia now had hard proof backing her investigations. Valletta was boiling.

For the next year, Daphne updated readers of "The Independent" and her blog with the investigation’s results, adding her own commentary. The world followed the scandal. Malta’s elite couldn’t hide it anymore. Maltese politicians made international headlines. The journalist cited global outlets and websites:

• CRiTICA.com.pa from Panama
• Entorno Inteligente from Venezuela
• Europe online magazine
• Free Press Journal
• 7 News

Additionally, social media forums and blogs by investigative journalists proved valuable sources. More names and firms surfaced over time. The prime minister’s wife joined the list. Michelle Muscat was suspected, though never proven, to own a Panamanian firm mentioned in the documents. Daphne called her "our queen", a nickname some thought fitting. She dedicated many posts to her, often with a humorous tone. Titles like "From the diary of the Queen of Malta" and "Our queen works for us for free" featured pictures of the first lady and sparked mixed reactions.

For her diligence, investigations, and coverage of the Panama Papers, U.S. political journalism firm POLITICO named Daphne Caruana Galizia one of the "28 people who shape, shake and stir Europe" in April 2017. She was hailed as "a one-woman WikiLeaks battling dirt and corruption in Malta".

In the global investigative team of the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists was Daphne’s eldest son, Matthew. In 2017, the team won the Pulitzer Prize for their reporting.

Persecuted like a witch

Months of reports and updates on the Panama Papers scandal dominated public and political life in Malta. Many parliamentary resolutions were passed due to the published information. Politicians, judges, and other elites trembled at the word "Panama", and many filed lawsuits against the relentless journalist. Minister Mizzi lost his post, and Prime Minister Muscat was shaken. But Daphne never gave up.

On October 8, 2017, the blogger and journalist gave an interview to "The Guardian", in which she spoke about harassment and years of threats. A Council of Europe human rights research group was investigating the issue. Daphne Caruana Galizia said, among other things:

• They made me into what is essentially a national scapegoat. And it’s been going on for almost 30 years.
• I’m in a situation where people who can’t even read English and have never read anything I wrote know who I am and that they’re supposed to hate me.
• People were encouraged to film and photograph me and post the footage on social media. There were 380 posts about me in one year. More than one per day.
• Government contracts were pulled from my husband’s firm, and my son Andrew, a diplomat, was immediately recalled from his post in India.
• There is not a single politician left in parliament from when I started. They’re all gone. But I’m still here, being targeted by the same machine.
• I compare my life to Arthur Miller’s play "The Crucible", about the persecution of women as witches in the 17th century. You watch it and think, "Madonna, this is like Malta in modern clothes".
• I don’t know any other way to live. I’m used to it. I’m like a scar around a wound.

At the start of October 2017, the journalist reported threats to the police. Emails, texts, direct threats on her door. There were so many she could no longer ignore them.

Two explosions

On October 16, 2017, at 2:09 p.m., she posted a comment on her blog under a photo of Prime Minister Muscat: "First things first: do something about that horrendous posture", and just before 3:00 p.m., she was sitting in her Peugeot 108. Sadly, it was her final journey. A bomb under the driver’s seat was remotely detonated. Daphne had been under surveillance, and there were two blasts.

The first was weak and quiet. The second was powerful. A neighbor, Francis Sant, who was driving in the opposite direction and witnessed the attack, told The Guardian: I even heard her scream. But as soon as she screamed, she became a fireball.

Matthew Caruana Galizia, her son, was at the scene. I heard the explosion. The windows rattled. The whole house shook. I knew she was dead before I got up from my chair, he later recalled. When he found the license plate and his mother’s remains in the field, the tragedy became real for him.


The news of Daphne Caruana Galizia’s murder spread rapidly across Europe, sparking outrage in all sectors of society across nearly every country. The act was seen not only as an attack on a journalist`s life, but on freedom of speech, press, truth, and justice. Among the many words of support and condolences sent to the murdered journalist’s family were also messages of encouragement from Pope Francis. That evening in Sliema, she was honored with a quiet candlelight vigil.

"Your pen has been silenced but your voice will live on"

The "Malta Independent" came out with a blank front page, a black ribbon, and the words: "Your pen has been silenced, but your voice will live on". That same day, BBC News reported: "Maltese blogger Daphne Caruana Galizia killed in car bomb attack", featuring footage from the scene. Herman Grech, online editor of "Times of Malta", wrote:

Her acerbic pen pulled no punches. Yet even her harshest critics admit she was an impeccable writer and investigative journalist. Her digital probe into the Panama Papers, implicating top officials of Malta’s government, effectively triggered early parliamentary elections last June.

"The Guardian" reported: "Malta car bomb kills Panama Papers journalist", similar headlines ran in "The Times", and nearly every European daily quoted Prime Minister Joseph Muscat:

Everyone knows that Caruana Galizia was my harshest critic, both politically and personally. But no one can justify this barbaric act in any way. I will not rest until justice is served.

However, the journalist’s family did not believe the prime minister. They also rejected the offer of a one million euro reward for information about the murder. They directly accused the Maltese government and its prime minister of responsibility for the death of their wife and mother and called for the resignations of the prime minister, police commissioner, and attorney general.

On November 3, 2017, crowds of Maltese gathered at the Basilica of the Assumption of Our Lady in Mosta to bid farewell to the journalist. High-ranking state officials, including the president and prime minister, were absent, in accordance with the wishes of the deceased’s family. Also absent was Nationalist Party leader Adrian Delia, whom Daphne had accused shortly before her death of corruption within her beloved party, holding offshore accounts, and visiting London brothels.

Former presidents and prime ministers of Malta, Supreme Court judges, the President of the European Parliament, and many other top officials did attend. The farewell Mass was led by Malta’s Archbishop Charles Scicluna, who, in remembering Daphne, addressed journalists urging them "never to tire of their mission to be the eyes, ears, and voice of the people". Over 1,500 mourners, singing the national anthem, escorted the blogger to her final resting place.

Tribute to Daphne. She gave her life to seek the truth

For weeks and months after, Europe remained focused on events in Malta. The President of the European Parliament, Antonio Tajani, called Daphne’s death "a tragic example of a journalist who gave her life to seek the truth". Gerard Ryle, director of the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, said the organization was "shocked by her death and deeply concerned about press freedom in Malta".

On October 24, the European Parliament held a plenary session where MEPs honored the blogger’s memory with a minute of silence. Several members of her family attended the session in the chamber in Strasbourg. The press room in the Parliament building was renamed in her honor. A debate also took place on press freedom and journalist protection in Malta.

After Daphne Caruana Galizia’s death, she became the recipient of nearly thirty international awards and honors including:

• Holme Award
• Person of the Year, awarded by the Italian government
• Tully Free Speech Award, from the Tully Center for Free Speech, Newhouse School, Syracuse University, USA
• Conscience in Media Award, from the American Society of Journalists and Authors, New York, USA
• in remembrance of war events, Reporters Without Borders, Bayeux, France
• Golden Victoria for Press Freedom, awarded by German Free Press and VDZ, Berlin, Germany

Joseph A. Debono and Caroline Muscat dedicated a book to her: Invicta: The Life and Work of Daphne Caruana Galizia. Numerous films and documentaries have been made about her life and murder.

The Daphne Project. Enough of silencing journalists

The investigation involved not only Maltese police but also FBI agents and a Dutch forensic team. On December 4, 2017, in the port district of Marsa, three men were arrested for the murder of Daphne Caruana Galizia. Brothers George and Alfred Degiorgio and their associate Vincent Muscat were charged with planting the bombs but have remained silent about who ordered the killing. They had planned the attack for nearly a year. There are suspicions they were warned about the arrests.

British newspaper "The Guardian" reported thoroughly and consistently on the investigation in Bidnija. Its newsroom became part of a group of 45 journalists from 15 countries that formed the Daphne Project.


In April 2018, due to the failure and political obstruction of the investigation by Malta’s prime minister, which violated the European Convention on Human Rights, journalists from "The Guardian", Reuters, "Le Monde", "Die Zeit", and "Süddeutsche Zeitung" met in London. Led by a newly founded Paris-based organization, Forbidden Stories, they launched the Daphne Project. Its mission was to continue the work of silenced journalists, especially Daphne Caruana Galizia, and to carry out an independent investigation into her death.

Journalists established direct contact with Daphne’s family, who gave them access to her files, 680,000 in total, which she had worked on in the final months of her life. The project also included Jules Giraudat, a young documentary filmmaker, and media outlets from Italy, Germany, France, Switzerland, and the USA. In the following months, they gathered materials, photos, videos, and conducted interviews.

Not everyone welcomed their efforts, and some obstructed information flow through their lawyers. But the project moved ahead, collecting more and more documentation. "Guardian" Rome correspondent Stephanie Kirchgaessner and financial reporter Juliette Garside worked not only on Daphne’s murder and the police investigation, but also revealed how Malta sold its services as a backdoor into Europe for high-risk jurisdictions including Russia, Azerbaijan, and China.

Nick Hopkins, head of investigations, spent many hours editing articles. Video producers Irene Baqué and Laurence Topham created two compelling films telling Daphne’s story and the events that led to her death. The project also identified threats to law and order in Europe from political corruption and weak money laundering controls in Malta.

On the evening of Tuesday, April 17, 2018, six months and one day after the assassination, the Daphne Project was publicly launched. It achieved its intended goal. A significant result was the Council of Europe’s decision to appoint a special rapporteur to investigate journalist murders. Malta became the first EU member state to fall under this measure.

In October 2022, for carrying out the assassination of Daphne, brothers Alfred and George Degiorgio were sentenced to 40 years in prison. They pleaded guilty on the first day of the trial. Year earlier, in February, their associate, Vincent Muscat, had been sentenced to 15 years in prison. The convicts have not revealed who gave them the order.

Daphne Caruana Galizia timeline

• 1964, August 26 - birth of Daphne Caruana Galizia
• 1982 - first arrest and 48-hour detention
• 1985 - married lawyer Peter Caruana Galizia
• 1987 - began working as a reporter at The Sunday Times of Malta
• 1988 - published her first columns
• 1992 - began working with The Malta Independent
• 1996 - completed her studies and earned a degree in anthropology
• 1996 - first direct attack against her as a journalist
• 2004 - first edition of the weekly Taste
• 2006 - first assassination attempt on the journalist’s life
• 2008, March 2 - launched the blog Running Commentary
• 2011, February - Daphne organized a protest at the Libyan embassy in Attard
• 2013, March 8 - arrested for violating pre-election silence
• 2014 - Taste merged with Flair to form the monthly Taste & Flair
• 2016, February 22 - first reports on the Panama Papers
• 2017, April - honored by Politico for her Panama Papers reporting
• 2017, October - reported life threats to the police
• 2017, October 16 - Daphne Caruana Galizia died in a car bomb attack
• 2017, November 3 - funeral of Daphne
• 2018, April 17 - the Daphne Project was launched

sources:

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