po polsku
At the same time, English scientist W. Talbot invented a method called talbotype, in which the photosensitive material was paper soaked in a silver nitrate solution and, after drying, dipped in a solution of sodium chloride or bromide. The negative exposed in the camera was developed with a gallic acid solution, fixed with sodium thiosulfate, rinsed, and dried. Daguerreotype, however, gained much greater popularity.
- In 1840, Hungarian mathematician J.M. Petzwal built a portrait lens, reducing portrait time to one minute.
- A year later, the first metal camera by Voigtlaender appeared.
- In 1851, English photographer Frederick Archer and French photographer Gustave Le Gray introduced the collodion process (using glass plates coated with collodion - a mixture of alcohol and ether, developed in acid. They had to be exposed while wet).
- 1855 - English physicist James Maxwell produced the first color photographic images, using the principle of additive color mixing.
- In 1862, Englishman Charles Russell discovered a method of chemical development in an alkaline environment.
- In 1873, German chemist Hermann Vogel developed optical sensitization (increasing light sensitivity and expanding the range of photosensitive materials).
- 1874 - Frenchman Ducos du Hauron invented the first practical autochrome method, where light passed through a layer of colored grains (the raster) before reaching the photosensitive emulsion. During development, color appeared from the colored raster grains.
- From 1887 to 1889, Americans Hannibal Goodwin and George Eastman (independently) invented celluloid photographic film.
- In 1890, the first anastigmat was created (a lens system that provided a clear, undistorted image of all points in the subject).
- 1910-1914 - German chemist Rudolf Fischer developed the principle of multilayer photosensitive material and color development (simultaneous image formation in each layer - black and white and color. The images in each layer combined to form a color image). These principles came into use about 20 years later by KODAK (USA) and AGFA (Germany).
- In 1925, infrared-sensitive plates were introduced.
- 1926 brought a revolution with the appearance of the first 35mm Leica camera, sparking rapid development in photojournalism, which reached its peak after World War II.
- 1929 - the first twin-lens reflex camera, Rolleiflex.
- 1936 - the 35mm single-lens reflex camera, Exakta.
In the 1930s, magnesium flash lamps appeared worldwide - magnesium powder was poured onto a glass plate and ignited just before taking a picture. This method was dangerous, leading many photojournalists to suffer severe burns, loss of eyes, fingers, and sometimes entire hands.
Only after press magnate William Hearst fell victim to such a flash did he order all his photojournalists to use the new magnesium bulbs, which dominated the market from the 1940s. They were slightly less dangerous but often exploded. True progress came with electronic flash units housed in substantial cases and powered by batteries. Photojournalists resembled burdened camels, but they were safe.
- 1941-42 - diffusion copying method (photographic reproduction).
- 1947 - the "one-minute" Polaroid-Land camera and pentaprism (light rays reflected from the reflex mirror are bounced three times, making the viewfinder image upright and not inverted).
- 1954 - the 6x6 cm single-lens reflex camera, Hasselblad.
- 1964 - Voigtlaender’s Zoomar variable focal length lens.
- 1966 - the introduction of electronic components in cameras began.
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New articles in section History of the media
The History of The New York Times. All the news that's fit to print
Małgorzata Dwornik
In the heart of 19th-century New York, when news from across the world traveled via telegraph and the newspaper was the voice of public opinion, two ambitious journalists created a modest four-page daily that would eventually become a legend.
FORTUNE. The story of the most exclusive business magazine
Małgorzata Dwornik
Half of the pages in the pilot issue were left blank. Only one printing house in the country could meet the magazine’s quality standards. They coined the terms "business sociology" and "hedge fund". They created the world’s most prestigious company ranking. This is the story of Fortune.
History of Le Soir. A Belgian daily once free for ground floor readers
Małgorzata Dwornik
It started with an unusual sales policy and articles written personally by the king. This is where the comic hero Tintin made his name. The "fake edition" from the II World War went down in history. "Le Soir" more than once found itself targeted by authorities, censors, and even... terrorists and hackers.
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History of Folha de São Paulo. Brazilian Newspaper with a Guinness Record
Małgorzata Dwornik
The first issue was published on February 19, 1921, and the editorial team... quickly found itself at odds with Brazilian censorship. It was neither the first nor the last time. Over the years, the newspaper has faced countless clashes with the government, the military, and insurgent groups. The editorial team has suffered repression and acts of violence. However, its readers have always stood firmly by its side.
Barbara Walters. The queen of impossible interviews from ABC television
Małgorzata Dwornik
Barbara Walters began her media career in 1951 with advertising and producing a children's program. In the 1960s, she shattered the glass ceiling. Her interviews on NBC brought her to the height of popularity, but it was her programs on ABC that earned her the title of the queen of television.
History of television in Australia. It all began with a studio in a windmill
Małgorzata Dwornik
Already in 1885, thanks to Telephane, an invention by Henry Sutton, it was possible to watch horse races for the Melbourne Cup. The first real television broadcasts, conducted from 1934 at the old windmill on Wickham Terrace in Brisbane, were watched by only 18 television owners, but by the following year, test transmissions had begun in other major cities.
Morgunblaðið. History of The Morning Paper from Iceland
Małgorzata Dwornik
The first issue appeared on Sunday, 2 November 1913. It had eight pages and was written entirely in Icelandic. The paper quickly gained a loyal group of readers. It was the first to focus heavily on women’s issues. No letter to the editor went unanswered.
