po polsku
At the same time, English scientist W. Talbot invented a method called talbotype, in which the photosensitive material was paper soaked in a silver nitrate solution and, after drying, dipped in a solution of sodium chloride or bromide. The negative exposed in the camera was developed with a gallic acid solution, fixed with sodium thiosulfate, rinsed, and dried. Daguerreotype, however, gained much greater popularity.
- In 1840, Hungarian mathematician J.M. Petzwal built a portrait lens, reducing portrait time to one minute.
- A year later, the first metal camera by Voigtlaender appeared.
- In 1851, English photographer Frederick Archer and French photographer Gustave Le Gray introduced the collodion process (using glass plates coated with collodion - a mixture of alcohol and ether, developed in acid. They had to be exposed while wet).
- 1855 - English physicist James Maxwell produced the first color photographic images, using the principle of additive color mixing.
- In 1862, Englishman Charles Russell discovered a method of chemical development in an alkaline environment.
- In 1873, German chemist Hermann Vogel developed optical sensitization (increasing light sensitivity and expanding the range of photosensitive materials).
- 1874 - Frenchman Ducos du Hauron invented the first practical autochrome method, where light passed through a layer of colored grains (the raster) before reaching the photosensitive emulsion. During development, color appeared from the colored raster grains.
- From 1887 to 1889, Americans Hannibal Goodwin and George Eastman (independently) invented celluloid photographic film.
- In 1890, the first anastigmat was created (a lens system that provided a clear, undistorted image of all points in the subject).
- 1910-1914 - German chemist Rudolf Fischer developed the principle of multilayer photosensitive material and color development (simultaneous image formation in each layer - black and white and color. The images in each layer combined to form a color image). These principles came into use about 20 years later by KODAK (USA) and AGFA (Germany).
- In 1925, infrared-sensitive plates were introduced.
- 1926 brought a revolution with the appearance of the first 35mm Leica camera, sparking rapid development in photojournalism, which reached its peak after World War II.
- 1929 - the first twin-lens reflex camera, Rolleiflex.
- 1936 - the 35mm single-lens reflex camera, Exakta.
In the 1930s, magnesium flash lamps appeared worldwide - magnesium powder was poured onto a glass plate and ignited just before taking a picture. This method was dangerous, leading many photojournalists to suffer severe burns, loss of eyes, fingers, and sometimes entire hands.
Only after press magnate William Hearst fell victim to such a flash did he order all his photojournalists to use the new magnesium bulbs, which dominated the market from the 1940s. They were slightly less dangerous but often exploded. True progress came with electronic flash units housed in substantial cases and powered by batteries. Photojournalists resembled burdened camels, but they were safe.
- 1941-42 - diffusion copying method (photographic reproduction).
- 1947 - the "one-minute" Polaroid-Land camera and pentaprism (light rays reflected from the reflex mirror are bounced three times, making the viewfinder image upright and not inverted).
- 1954 - the 6x6 cm single-lens reflex camera, Hasselblad.
- 1964 - Voigtlaender’s Zoomar variable focal length lens.
- 1966 - the introduction of electronic components in cameras began.
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New articles in section History of the media
FORTUNE. The story of the most exclusive business magazine
Małgorzata Dwornik
Half of the pages in the pilot issue were left blank. Only one printing house in the country could meet the magazine’s quality standards. They coined the terms "business sociology" and "hedge fund". They created the world’s most prestigious company ranking. This is the story of Fortune.
History of Le Soir. A Belgian daily once free for ground floor readers
Małgorzata Dwornik
It started with an unusual sales policy and articles written personally by the king. This is where the comic hero Tintin made his name. The "fake edition" from the II World War went down in history. "Le Soir" more than once found itself targeted by authorities, censors, and even... terrorists and hackers.
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Reporterzy.info
History of media and journalism. The biggest titles, famous journalists, groundbreaking events in the press, radio, television and internet industries in the world. Stories developed and told by Małgorzata and Bartłomiej Dwornik from the online weekly Reporterzy.info.
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Playboy. The history of a magazine entertaining... everyone
Małgorzata Dwornik
It was 1953 when young journalist Hugh Hefner took out a mortgage loan and convinced 45 shareholders to finance his idea for an erotic magazine named Stag Party. However, when STAG Publishing threatened to sue for trademark infringement, Hefner changed the name to PLAYBOY.
Control is Better
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The noblest duty of media professionals is to expose cases of law violations. For fulfilling this duty, they have often had to pay a high price. However, for a long time, citizens - at least in democratic societies - could rely on the press and other media in their fight against abuses of power.
Charlie Hebdo. A satirical magazine from France born four times
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No one knows exactly when it began. The masters of biting and vulgar satire collapsed and disappeared from the market three times. It's impossible to count how many times they were taken to court. The editorial office was the target of terrorist attacks twice. The one on January 7, 2015, which killed 12 people, brought the world together in support of Charlie Hebdo.
The Kathmandu Post. History of Nepal's first independent daily newspaper
Małgorzata Dwornik
The first issue of The Kathmandu Post was published on Thursday, February 17, 1993. It had eight pages and aimed to fight injustice. Within a week, it became the most-read publication in the country, though not everyone welcomed its success.
