po polsku
At the same time, English scientist W. Talbot invented a method called talbotype, in which the photosensitive material was paper soaked in a silver nitrate solution and, after drying, dipped in a solution of sodium chloride or bromide. The negative exposed in the camera was developed with a gallic acid solution, fixed with sodium thiosulfate, rinsed, and dried. Daguerreotype, however, gained much greater popularity.
- In 1840, Hungarian mathematician J.M. Petzwal built a portrait lens, reducing portrait time to one minute.
- A year later, the first metal camera by Voigtlaender appeared.
- In 1851, English photographer Frederick Archer and French photographer Gustave Le Gray introduced the collodion process (using glass plates coated with collodion - a mixture of alcohol and ether, developed in acid. They had to be exposed while wet).
- 1855 - English physicist James Maxwell produced the first color photographic images, using the principle of additive color mixing.
- In 1862, Englishman Charles Russell discovered a method of chemical development in an alkaline environment.
- In 1873, German chemist Hermann Vogel developed optical sensitization (increasing light sensitivity and expanding the range of photosensitive materials).
- 1874 - Frenchman Ducos du Hauron invented the first practical autochrome method, where light passed through a layer of colored grains (the raster) before reaching the photosensitive emulsion. During development, color appeared from the colored raster grains.
- From 1887 to 1889, Americans Hannibal Goodwin and George Eastman (independently) invented celluloid photographic film.
- In 1890, the first anastigmat was created (a lens system that provided a clear, undistorted image of all points in the subject).
- 1910-1914 - German chemist Rudolf Fischer developed the principle of multilayer photosensitive material and color development (simultaneous image formation in each layer - black and white and color. The images in each layer combined to form a color image). These principles came into use about 20 years later by KODAK (USA) and AGFA (Germany).
- In 1925, infrared-sensitive plates were introduced.
- 1926 brought a revolution with the appearance of the first 35mm Leica camera, sparking rapid development in photojournalism, which reached its peak after World War II.
- 1929 - the first twin-lens reflex camera, Rolleiflex.
- 1936 - the 35mm single-lens reflex camera, Exakta.
In the 1930s, magnesium flash lamps appeared worldwide - magnesium powder was poured onto a glass plate and ignited just before taking a picture. This method was dangerous, leading many photojournalists to suffer severe burns, loss of eyes, fingers, and sometimes entire hands.
Only after press magnate William Hearst fell victim to such a flash did he order all his photojournalists to use the new magnesium bulbs, which dominated the market from the 1940s. They were slightly less dangerous but often exploded. True progress came with electronic flash units housed in substantial cases and powered by batteries. Photojournalists resembled burdened camels, but they were safe.
- 1941-42 - diffusion copying method (photographic reproduction).
- 1947 - the "one-minute" Polaroid-Land camera and pentaprism (light rays reflected from the reflex mirror are bounced three times, making the viewfinder image upright and not inverted).
- 1954 - the 6x6 cm single-lens reflex camera, Hasselblad.
- 1964 - Voigtlaender’s Zoomar variable focal length lens.
- 1966 - the introduction of electronic components in cameras began.
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New articles in section History of the media
History of Le Soir. A Belgian daily once free for ground floor readers
Małgorzata Dwornik
It started with an unusual sales policy and articles written personally by the king. This is where the comic hero Tintin made his name. The "fake edition" from the II World War went down in history. "Le Soir" more than once found itself targeted by authorities, censors, and even... terrorists and hackers.
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Reporterzy.info
History of media and journalism. The biggest titles, famous journalists, groundbreaking events in the press, radio, television and internet industries in the world. Stories developed and told by Małgorzata and Bartłomiej Dwornik from the online weekly Reporterzy.info.
Népszava. The history of Hungary's oldest newspaper
Małgorzata Dwornik
The first editor used a pseudonym. The paper was printed in both Hungarian and German. The military destroyed the newsroom. Journalists died in the Danube’s currents. Népszava survived monarchy, dictatorships, and revolution. And it still exists.
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His photo from Sudan, "The Vulture and the Little Girl", became an iconic image. Earlier, risking the death penalty, he and his friends documented apartheid crimes in his native South Africa. Kevin Carter, a Pulitzer Prize winner and the creator of thousands of powerful images, struggled with the weight of what he witnessed through his camera.
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As early as 1725, he printed the "New York Gazette," the first newspaper in New York. He published "The New York Weekly Journal," the first independent title free from government control. He became the world’s first journalist jailed for criticizing a politician in a newspaper.
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For the first 10 years of its existence, TOLOnews journalists seemed to have clashed with nearly every prominent figure in the country. In 2016, they received France’s Freedom of Information Award. And all this in a country considered the most dangerous place for journalists. After the Taliban returned to power - even more so.
Kazakhstanskaya Pravda. Newspaper with its own flag on Antarctica
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On January 1, 1920, the first issue of the weekly "News from the Kyrgyz Region" was published. A year later, it was renamed "Steppe Truth," eventually becoming the daily "Soviet Steppe." Since January 1932, Kazakhstan's most popular title has been known as Казахстанская правда (Kazakhstanskaya Pravda). For over a century, it has alternately supported the authorities, scrutinized them, and sometimes faced the consequences... of telling the truth.
