29.11.2001 History of the media
The Beginnings of Periodical Publishing in Poland
Bartłomiej Dwornik
The first printed works - non-periodical "flyer newspapers" - appeared in Poland in the early 16th century. They were published only for significant occasions to describe these events, sometimes even in verse.
However, there was no source of systematic information. As printers realized the demand for quick and detailed information, flyer newspapers began appearing every few days, or even daily, during the Swedish Deluge from 1655 to 1660. These newspapers included correspondence from all over Poland, gradually resembling periodical press.
The true title of "press" can be attributed only to "Merkuriusz Polski," which debuted in 1661. It was not merely a response to market demand but a deliberate move by the royal court to rally the nation for reforms. In short, it was a political-propaganda investment. King John II Casimir and Queen Ludwika Maria aimed to sway the masses toward governmental reform and secure a successor for the throne during King John’s lifetime, hoping to avoid chaos in a future election.
"Merkuriusz Polski" was the brainchild of the Grand Marshal of the Crown, Łukasz Opaliński. The first editor-in-chief was Hieronim Pinocci, an Italian by birth and a Pole in name, who already had journalistic experience, as he had been preparing a weekly information bulletin for the court.
Responsibility for printing "MP" was assigned to Jan Aleksander Gorczyn, a printer in Kraków. The first issue of "Merkuriusz" was released on January 3, 1661. Its full title was the catchy "Merkuriusz Polski, dzieje wszystkiego świata w sobie zamykający, dla informacjej pospolitej" (Polish Mercury, encompassing the world`s events, for public information). It was published weekly for 41 weeks, with issues ranging from 8 to 12 pages, in a 20x17 format, using Schwabacher typeface with Latin content in Roman and Italic fonts. Editorial preference leaned toward foreign news, but domestic events were not neglected. Domestic news focused on successes in wars against Moscow and the Cossacks. (Renowned historian Jerzy Łojek, who authored the book from which this information is drawn, argued that the propagandistic role of "Merkuriusz" was, at best, ineffective.)
On May 14, 1661, "Merkuriusz" moved its editorial office to Warsaw, as the Sejm was in session, and the entire court relocated there. After the Sejm, it disappeared.
There was no significant demand for "MP." Its circulation ranged from 100 to 300 copies. Amusingly, Łojek honestly admits that even historians have no clear idea who read it, who its audience was, or what impact it had on public opinion in Poland. It is known, however, that it reached several European capitals. To overcome language barriers, the king commissioned Pinocci to publish an Italian edition. The first issue was released at the end of January 1661 under the title "Continuatione del Mercurio Polacco." Six or seven issues were published, containing only news from Poland.
After the fall of "Merkuriusz," the press returned to the format of flyer newspapers, but with much lower frequency than during the Swedish Deluge. Renewed activity occurred during King John III Sobieski’s campaign to Vienna. Noteworthy titles included "Awizy," "Wiadomości różne cudzoziemskie," and Poland’s first literary-poetic monthly, "Mercurius Polonicus praecipuorum Europae eventuum epitomen..." by Jerzy Aleksander Priami, as well as "Poczta Królewiecka" by Jan Dawid Cenkier.
Although some historians believe that "Merkuriusz Polski" was not the first periodical newspaper in Poland, attributing that title to the mysterious "Nowiny Polskie" from Gdańsk, no copies of this publication have ever been found.
COMMERCIAL BREAK
New articles in section History of the media
Kuensel. History of a newspaper from Bhutan that even the illiterate read
Małgorzata Dwornik
Rockman as editor in chief, a newspaper without ads, news in comics, and distribution by bus drivers. The history of Kuensel, Bhutan's first newspaper, dates back to 1965 but it was only a decade later that things really got serious. With help from the Japanese and a young journalist trained in Australia.
Thai Rath. History of Thailand’s oldest newspaper
Małgorzata Dwornik
A newspaper once attacked with grenade launchers reached over a million copies in circulation. Its founder built schools and chartered planes to print boxing match photos faster than the competition. Thai Rath isn’t just a paper. It’s a media empire born... just in case.
History of Comcast. How a modest cable company became a media giant
Małgorzata Dwornik
In 1963, it had only 1,200 customers and a dream. Six decades later, it became the world's third-largest media powerhouse. Ralph J. Roberts risked it all to bet on cable television. Did he know what he was doing? The history of Comcast shows that... he knew exactly what he was doing.
See articles on a similar topic:
The Kathmandu Post. History of Nepal's First Independent Daily Newspaper
Małgorzata Dwornik
The first issue of The Kathmandu Post was published on Thursday, February 17, 1993. It had eight pages and aimed to fight injustice. Within a week, it became the most-read publication in the country, though not everyone welcomed its success.
Słowo Polskie. A Polish Daily with Over a Century of Tradition
Cezary Kaszewski
"Słowo Polskie" began its life in Lwów, with the first issue published on Christmas Eve, 1895. The newspaper quickly gained readership. By 1902, its circulation exceeded 10,000, and three years later, it reached 20,000, making it the first high-circulation daily in Galicia.
History of De Standaard. A Flemish Newspaper with a Turbulent Past
Małgorzata Dwornik
The first issue was supposed to reach readers on November 25, 1914. However, the outbreak of World War I disrupted these plans. The newspaper finally debuted on December 4, 1918. It survived another war, a publication ban, bankruptcy, and the digital revolution. More than a century later, it remains strong.
Control is Better
Ignacio Ramonet
The noblest duty of media professionals is to expose cases of law violations. For fulfilling this duty, they have often had to pay a high price. However, for a long time, citizens - at least in democratic societies - could rely on the press and other media in their fight against abuses of power.