menu szukaj
Weekly Online Magazine
ISSN 2544-5839

new articles each monday
zamknij
advertisementbanner Amazon

29.11.2001 History of the media

The Press in Historical Perspective

Agnieszka Osińska

Researchers trace the prehistory of modern press back to ancient times when primitive forms of mass communication began to emerge.

In China, they took the form of bulletins containing information about royal decrees, official appointments, and court life. In Rome, they appeared in 59 BCE as *acta diurna*, or daily public notices posted in public places, containing important announcements, government orders, and event notifications. These were the beginnings of press studies, which had to undergo a long and winding journey before reaching Europe. Newspapers were not published regularly at first; rather, they often appeared as short-lived publications created to address specific needs.

In the Middle Ages, for example, there were "written newspapers" devoted initially to commercial matters (in Italy: "Scripta mercatorum," in Germany: "Handelsbriefe") and later to reports on extraordinary events. Regardless of their content, they were seen as "inventions" created "for the moment," which led to specific terms for them:

  • in Italy: "avvisi,"
  • in Germany: "Neue Zeitung,"
  • in Poland: "nowiny" or "relacje."

Over time, societies, now emerging as audiences, began to demand more comprehensive and enduring forms of news, especially with the age of geographical discoveries, travels, and expeditions. Thus, a new form of press emerged—the periodical, with a title and a clear purpose. This press left no room for spontaneity or randomness; everything was carefully planned, including layout and format. This "newness" or "modernity" can be seen in the 15th-century "News from Constantinople," the first newspaper in Polish, as well as in German- and Latin-language publications associated with J. Decjusz and J. Dantyszek.

advertisement

In the same century (in its latter half), with the growing social, political, and economic activity, there was a demand for more detailed news services than previously existed. The invention of Gutenberg’s press (c. 1450) became the realization of these dreams, enabling more efficient distribution of current news. From then on, mechanically reproducing newspapers at regular intervals ensured the reliable and consistent delivery of information.

However, there is debate among researchers about where the first printed periodicals appeared. Some consider Italy the birthplace of journalism, while others point to Germany, Spain, or the Netherlands. What is clear is that regular publishing began in the 16th and 17th centuries.

The following years saw the development of modern journalism, driven by contemporary cultural events (the Enlightenment), social-political shifts (the French Revolution in 1789 and, earlier, the English Revolution in 1688-1689), and technical-economic changes (the Industrial Revolution). A new journalistic approach combined current information with editorial commentary. The English publication "The Weekly Review," published three times a week by D. Defoe, introduced a new type of press dedicated to daily discussion. The ideology of the emerging bourgeoisie was popularized by so-called moral magazines, precursors to today`s opinion press, such as "Tatler" and "Spectator" by J. Addison and R. Steele. This model gained popularity across Europe, with Poland`s equivalent being "Monitor," whose first issue appeared on March 21, 1765, and continued bi-weekly until 1785, in an octavo format with an average of eight pages per issue.

The growing influence of journalism on public opinion led to new press genres: the column, report, essay, and editorial. The editorial, in particular, played a significant role, serving not only as a detailed discussion of daily events but also as an expression of the official views endorsed by the newspaper. The editorial boosted the readership of English newspapers like "Morning Post" and "The Times." A new press model also emerged based on individual authorship, lasting until the 19th century, when news agencies appeared.

The next phase in journalism’s development was marked by 19th-century social movements (the July Revolution in France in 1830, the Revolutions of 1848), which led to increased circulation (for example, by 1830, Paris had 20 dailies with a total circulation of 70,000 copies; by 1846, 28 dailies circulated over 180,000 copies) and typological diversification (children’s, professional, scientific, women’s, and illustrated magazines). Newspapers aimed at workers ("Gazeta Reńska") and peasants appeared.

Publishers began to realize that, besides shaping public opinion, the press could be profitable. From the mid-19th century, commercial press flourished, often featuring explicit content. Sunday newspapers focused on entertainment emerged, especially in England with "Observer" and "Sunday Monitor," but the real revolution was brought by J. Pulitzer’s American "Sunday World." His associate, Morill Goddard, even developed a canon for Sunday newspapers: the first pages would contain current news, followed by scientific content, sensational and crime stories, behind-the-scenes gossip with a focus on erotica, advice for lovers, and a comic supplement.

Today, around 50 Sunday newspapers are published in Europe, with the number constantly growing as society’s demand for entertainment and scandal increases. This period also saw the formation of a steady reading habit and, consequently, competition for readership and sales. To achieve these goals, publishers employed various strategies, such as organizing contests, lotteries, and even offering insurance. Another factor driving press development was the search for innovative technical solutions to speed up publication. Advertising became more active, and color, illustrations, and posters were used to attract readers.

News agencies, responsible for gathering and distributing information to the press, and later to radio and television, played an increasingly significant role in editorial work. The first such institution was established in France in 1835 by Havas, followed by others in Germany (Wolff) in 1849 and the United Kingdom (Reuter) in 1851.

The modernization processes, both technical and editorial, described above continued to grow over time, leading to further typological diversification of the press. From the mid-19th century, the role of illustrated magazines increased, followed by the development of multicolored publications. Women’s, youth, and children’s press saw particularly rapid growth ("Popcorn," "Tina," "Olivia"), while interest in opinion press gradually declined. In the 20th century, large-circulation illustrated dailies with sensational content, known as tabloids, became popular:

  • German publications such as "Der Spiegel," "Stern," "Bild,"
  • British publications like "The Sun" and "The Times,"
  • and French publications "L`Express" and "Paris Match."

The highest circulation is achieved by magazines containing TV programs, horoscopes, and puzzles. Collector’s magazines, or partworks, such as "Factor X," "Ancient Civilizations," and Polish-language versions of foreign magazines like "Cosmopolitan," "Playboy," "National Geographic," and "Dziewczyna" (German "Mädchen") are very popular. The press has also become a medium for advertising distribution.

Share the article:

dodaj na Facebook prześlij przez Messenger dodaj na Twitter dodaj na LinkedIn

COMMERCIAL BREAK

See articles on a similar topic:

The Fourth Estate in America

Urszula Sienkiewicz
Success, prestige, power, but above all, big money - these are the first words associated with the world of media in the United States. Do American media truly wield such influence over business and politics in the USA that they can be called the "fourth estate" without hesitation?

History of Public Relations. From Ancient Times to a Field of Study

Małgorzata Dwornik
Public Relations - two words we come across several times daily. We hear them on TV and radio, and read them in newspapers. PR - two letters that can sometimes cause quite a stir.

Larry King: One Man, 50 Thousands Interviews

Małgorzata Dwornik
In 1955, twenty-two-year-old Leibel Zeiger knocked on the door of a new radio station, WAHR, in Florida. He passed a voice test and was hired… to mop floors. Two years later, he was sitting in front of the microphone himself. The station owner gave him one condition: change his name to something more "radio-friendly." Thus, Larry King was born.

The Beginnings and Development of Press Studies

Agnieszka Osińska
In the 17th century, with the emergence of periodical printing, the press became a subject of analysis as a new form of disseminating human thought and social influence. In 1901, Gabriel Tarde, in his study "L'Opinion et la foule," distinguished between a crowd and an audience.

The Fourth Estate in America: The Irresistible Charm of the Glass Screen

Urszula Sienkiewicz
While war raged in Europe, a new craze took hold in the United States. In just a few years, a new idol took the prime spot in American homes—the television.

Kevin Carter. The Story of a Bang-Bang Club Photojournalist

Małgorzata Dwornik
His photo from Sudan, "The Vulture and the Little Girl", became an iconic image. Earlier, risking the death penalty, he and his friends documented apartheid crimes in his native South Africa. Kevin Carter, a Pulitzer Prize winner and the creator of thousands of powerful images, struggled with the weight of what he witnessed through his camera.

The Fourth Estate in America: The Elder Sister of Television

Urszula Sienkiewicz
The early 1920s brought Americans a new, inspiring source of information—radio. Almost every household, in both big cities and suburbs, welcomed the magical wooden box that provided entertainment like never before.

More in the section: History of the media

community

Facebook LinkedIn X Twitter Google RSS

Work in media

United States
New York • Washington DC • Los Angeles • Chicago • Houston • Phoenix • Philadelphia United Kingdom
London • Birmingham • Manchester • Liverpool • Glasgow • Edinburgh Canada
Toronto • Ottawa • Monstreal • Calgary Australia
Sydney • Melbourne • Brisbane • canberra Ireland, New Zealand, India

advertisement





Reporter shopping

Reporter shopping

Affordable laptops, notebooks and netbooks
Affordable laptops, notebooks and netbooks
for writing
Digital SLR and compact cameras
Digital SLR and compact cameras
for photographers
Books and e-books about media
Books and e-books about media
for reading
Video drones and flying cameras
Video drones and flying cameras
for pilots
Gimbals for stabilizing video
Gimbals for stabilizing video
for those on the move
Software and apps for creative work
Software and apps for creative work
for nerdy ones
More occasions

advertisement
Read books and e-books

Read books and e-books

Okładka Media Control. The Spectacular Achievements of Propaganda
Media Control. The Spectacular Achievements of Propaganda
Okładka The 40-Day Social Media Fast
The 40-Day Social Media Fast
Okładka Social Media Marketing All-in-One For Dummies
Social Media Marketing All-in-One For Dummies
Okładka Beyond The Feed: A Social Media Success Formula
Beyond The Feed: A Social Media Success Formula
Okładka Trust Me, I`m Lying: Confessions of a Media Manipulator
Trust Me, I`m Lying: Confessions of a Media Manipulator
Okładka Hate, Inc.: Why Today`s Media Makes Us Despise One Another
Hate, Inc.: Why Today`s Media Makes Us Despise One Another
more books and e-books

Reporterzy.info

More about us

Our tools and services

Contact


© Dwornik.pl Bartłomiej Dwornik 2oo1-2o24